比较隧道术及冠向复位瓣术治疗牙龈退缩的疗效及长期稳定性的Meta分析
2025-10-10 22:51:41 世界杯北京Abstract
目的
系统评价隧道术(TUN)和冠向复位瓣(CAF)联合结缔组织移植术(CTG)治疗牙龈退缩的疗效及长期稳定性。
方法
通过计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CNKI数据库,搜集相关的临床随机对照试验(RCT),只有用于比较CAF与TUN的RCT才被纳入本篇Meta分析。检索时间自建库至2022年9月1日。
结果
本研究共纳入8项RCT,包括305位受试者的454个退缩位点。Meta分析结果显示:在主要指标平均根面覆盖率(MRC)长期稳定性方面,CAF组、TUN组在短期和长期结果比较上差异无统计学意义,分别是[MD:1.45%,95% CI(−2.93%,5.82%),P=0.52]、[MD:−0.70%,95%CI(−6.41%,5.00%),P=0.81],但CAF组在术后MRC长期结果上较TUN组表现更佳[MD:5.69%,95%CI(0.87%,10.50%),P=0.02],其中完全根面覆盖率(CRC)分析结果与MRC结果大致相同。次要指标角化龈宽度(KTW)增长量,短期内TUN组显著优于CAF组[MD:−0.38 mm,95%CI(−0.67 mm,−0.10 mm),P=0.008],长期结果显示两组差异无统计学意义[MD:−0.26 mm,95%CI(−0.94 mm,0.43 mm),P=0.46]。次要指标根面覆盖美学评分(RES),TUN组优于CAF组,差异具有统计学意义[MD:0.62,95%CI(0.28,0.96),P=0.000 3]。术后VAS疼痛指数评分,由于纳入文献统计的结果较少,且异质性太大,分析的结果未见显著性差异[MD:0.53,95%CI(−1.96,3.03),P=0.68]。
结论
本研究发现CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG在治疗牙龈退缩均可取得良好CRC,且CAF比TUN表现更佳,两组均能取得良好的长期稳定性。在术后RES,TUN组较CAF组评分更高。考虑到本研究存在一定的局限性,未来仍需要更大样本、更高质量、更长随访时间的临床试验评估TUN在牙龈退缩手术的疗效。
Keywords: 隧道术, 冠向复位瓣术, 牙龈退缩, 根面覆盖术, 结缔组织移植术, Meta分析
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and long-term stability of tunnel technique (TUN) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) combined with connective tissue graft (CTG) in treating gingival recession.
Methods
Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trial (RCT) of CAF+CTG compared to TUN+CTG in the treatment of Miller class I or II gingival recession on September 1, 2022.
Results
There were 8 RCTs with 305 patients (454 recession sites) participating. The results of the Meta-analysis revealed that, in terms of mean root coverage (MRC) of main indicators, no significant difference was found between the CAF group and the TUN group in both short- and long-term results, which were [MD: 1.45%, 95%CI (−2.93%, 5.82%), P=0.52] and [MD: −0.70%, 95%CI (−6.41%, 5.00%), P=0.81]. However, the CAF group outperformed the TUN group in the long term [MD: 5.69%, 95%CI (0.87%, 10.50%), P=0.02], and the results of complete root coverage (CRC) analysis were similar to those of MRC. In the short term, the TUN group grew keratinized gingiva significantly faster than the CAF group [MD: −0.38 mm, 95%CI (−0.67 mm, −0.10 mm), P=0.008]. Long-term findings revealed no significant difference between the two groups [MD: −0.26 mm, 95%CI (−0.94 mm, 0.43 mm), P=0.46]. The TUN group's secondary index root coverage esthetic score (RES) was statistically significantly higher than the CAF group's [MD: 0.62, 95%CI (0.28, 0.96), P=0.000 3]. Given that there were few results included in the literature and the heterogeneity was too great, no significant difference was observed in the postoperative VAS pain index score [MD: 0.53, 95%CI (−1.96, 3.03), P=0.68].
Conclusion
This study discovered that both CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG can achieve good root coverage in treating gingival recession, with CAF outperforming TUN and both groups achieving good long-term stability. After the operation, the TUN group had a higher RES than the CAF group. Given the limitations of this study, more high-quality studies are needed in the future to demonstrate the efficacy of TUN in gingival retraction surgery.
Keywords: tunnel technique, coronally advanced flap, gingival recession, root coverage, connective tissue graft, Meta-analysis
牙龈退缩(gingival recession,GR)是指牙龈缘相对于釉牙骨质界向根方移动,导致牙根面长期暴露在口腔环境中[1]。GR的发生率较高,年轻人和中老年人的发生率各为54%、100%[2]。造成GR的因素是多方面的,如菌斑性炎症、创伤性刷牙习惯、牙周病和正畸治疗[3]–[4]。此外,牙齿的唇颊向错位,骨开窗、骨开裂,附着龈过窄,唇、颊系带附着过高等因素也会导致GR的发生[4]。
GR常会导致菌斑堆积、牙根面敏感。暴露在口腔环境中的根面,可能会发展为龋齿和非龋性颈部缺损[5],此外,GR可能会影响美观,有些患者不能接受这些改变[5]。因此,常有患者因根面敏感、前牙区美观不足、根面龋、牙颈部缺损前来就诊[6]。
GR的治疗常通过手术方式将龈瓣覆盖暴露的根面,过去许多研究者[7]–[16]尝试探索了各种根面覆盖技术。牙龈退缩的手术治疗方案包括不同的手术技术和移植材料[17]。为了获得完全根面覆盖率(complete root coverage,CRC),最常用手术技术有:联合结缔组织移植术(connective tissue graft,CTG)的游离龈移植术(free gingival graft,FGG)、冠向复位瓣(coronally advanced flap,CAF)、侧向转位瓣术(laterally positioned flaps,LPF)和隧道术(tunnel technique,TUN)[18]–[19]。对比各种生物移植材料或组织支架,CAF联合CTG技术被认为是治疗GR的金标准[20]–[22]。CTG可以起到填充软组织缺损并降低术后软组织退缩,同时提高术后CRC的作用[23]。
既往的系统评价和Meta分析表明[24]–[27],CAF+CTG是治疗单颗或多颗牙龈退缩有效的手术方案,欧洲和美国曾召开牙周病学联合会,共识会议得出结论,CAF联合CTG是治疗GR的金标准[28]。最近一些研究[29]–[30]发现,CAF术后瘢痕组织较明显,因而术后美学评分较低。因此,有学者[23]提出,根面覆盖术成功的标准不仅仅取决于CRC,其他指标,如角化牙龈的增长、最终的软组织质量和相关的美学效果、患者的总体满意度也是治疗成功的关键部分。
在取得良好CRC的同时,为了满足患者的高美学要求,保持龈乳头完整性的手术方案已经被提出[31]。1985年,Raetzke[32]首次提出一种无须纵切口且不会破坏龈乳头完整性的手术方案来治疗单颗牙龈退缩,该技术被称为信封瓣技术(envelope flap technique),他通过制备一个半厚瓣的“信封”龈瓣,然后将移植的CTG放置其中,通过缝合来覆盖暴露的根面,该方法提出之初,不伴有龈瓣的冠向复位。随后,Allen[33]通过改良该术式用于治疗多颗连续牙位的牙龈退缩。1999年,Zabalegui等[34]对其进一步改进,通过制备相邻龈乳头下方的“隧道”,并将覆盖瓣的分离范围超过膜龈联合以增加其冠向移位,然后采用悬吊缝合或复合树脂辅助粘接悬吊缝合,该术式被称为TUN[34]–[37]。TUN没有垂直松弛切口,且没有破坏龈乳头的完整性,因此其血供良好,手术创伤较小,并极大地缩小了术后瘢痕,愈合后临床美学效果较佳。TUN因其术式的保守性和术后理想的美学效果而逐渐流行起来[29]。
国外已有5篇临床随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)比较了TUN与CAF治疗牙龈退缩的疗效,然而结果并不一致,3篇表明两者之间差异无统计学意义,一篇倾向于CAF,另一篇表明TUN的治疗效果更佳[29],[38]–[41]。本篇Meta分析的目的是通过回顾现有文献,比较CAF和TUN技术结合CTG在治疗牙龈退缩最终的CRC、角化牙龈的增长、最终的软组织质量和相关的美学效果及患者的术后疼痛指数评分。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 文献检索
严格按照PRISMA(preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses)标准进行资料的收集和文章的写作,通过计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CNKI数据库,搜集关于TUN与CAF结合CTG对于治疗MillerⅠ/Ⅱ类牙龈退缩的RCT。检索时间自建库至2022年9月1日,没有语言限制。英文检索词:“[(TUNnel technique)or(coronally advanced flap modification TUNnel technique)or(coronally advanced flap)]and[(Miller ClassⅠ)or(Miller ClassⅡ)]and[(gingival recessions)or(root coverage)]and(randomized controlled trial);中文检索词:“隧道术、冠向复位瓣术、牙龈退缩、根面覆盖术、随机对照试验”。
1.2. 文献纳入和排除标准
1.2.1. 纳入标准
1)研究类型:纳入本研究的RCT其随访时间至少为6个月;2)研究对象:本研究纳入的文献中,研究对象必须被诊断为单颗或多颗MillerⅠ/Ⅱ类牙龈退缩,所选牙位无龋坏,牙髓健康;3)干预措施:RCT中一组采用TUN+CTG治疗,另一组采用CAF+CTG治疗;4)结局指标:主要指标是CRC和平均根面覆盖率(mean root coverage,MRC),MRC计算方法为(术前牙龈退缩深度-术后牙龈退缩深度)/术前牙龈退缩深度×100%,次要指标是角化龈宽度(keratinized tissue width,KTW)、根面覆盖美学评分(root coverage esthetic score,RES)、以患者为中心的指标如术后疼痛指数,相应数值通过视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)展示,数值越小表示术后疼痛指数越低。
1.2.2. 排除标准
1)退缩牙位既往接受牙周手术治疗;2)研究随访时间小于6个月;3)相关研究仅使用细胞或动物实验;4)重复发表的文献;5)样本量<10例的文献;6)质量太差或无法得到有效试验数据的文献;7)综述、未发表的文献。符合以上任意1条者均予以排除。
1.3. 文献筛选和数据提取
由两位研究人员独立阅读标题和摘要,严格按照纳入排除标准筛选文献,交叉核对,对拟纳入文献阅读全文并对文献质量进行评价,如遇见分歧,可进行讨论,必要时请专家介入达成共识。筛选文献后,提取以下资料:1)纳入研究的基本信息,包括研究题目、第一作者和时间等;2)研究对象的基线特征,包括各组的样本数、患者的年龄、性别、牙龈退缩类型等;3)纳入研究各组的牙龈退缩位点数;4)主要指标:CRC、MRC;5)次要指标:KTW、RES、患者疼痛指数评分。对于短期指标,使用术后6个月的临床检查结果,或者使用术后首次记录的检查结果;对于长期指标,使用最后一次随访的检查结果[42]。
1.4. 文献质量评价
按照Cochrane手册针对RCT的偏倚风险评价工具评价纳入研究的偏倚风险[43]。主要从分配序列的产生,分配隐藏,对参加研究的患者、研究人员和研究结局的设盲,结局数据的完整性,选择性报告结局,其他偏倚来源等6个方面进行评价,对每个方面采用“低风险”、“风险未知”、“高风险”来进行判定。
1.5. 统计学分析
采用RevMan5.3软件(RevMan version 5.3)对提取的数据进行Meta分析。对连续性资料,采用均数差(mean difference,MD)进行分析,对二分类数据,采用风险比(risk ratio,RR)进行分析,所有分析均计算95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)。当P≤0.05时表示结果存在统计学意义,反之则无统计学意义。以I2检验评估各研究间的异质性,若I2>50%认为存在高异质性,采用随机效应模型,并对异质性来源进一步分析;若I2≤50%,认为具有低异质性,采用固定效应模型进行分析。通过RevMan软件生成Meta分析的森林图。
2. 结果
2.1. 文献检索结果
初筛共获得201篇相关文献,经阅读标题去除重复文献,并进一步阅读摘要、全文,最终纳入8篇文献[28]–[30],[38]–[40],[44]–[45],文献被排除主要是没有完整的数据结果及非随机对照试验。文献检索流程图见图1。
图 1. 文献检索流程图.
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Fig 1 Flow chart of literature retrieval
2.2. 纳入研究的基本特征
本次分析共有8篇研究被纳入,8篇均是RCT,都是比较CAF和TUN技术结合CTG的试验[28]–[30],[38]–[40],[44]–[45]。纳入试验的均是不吸烟的患者,4篇研究是针对单颗牙龈退缩患者,另外2篇是研究单颗和多颗牙龈退缩患者,最后2篇是比较多颗牙龈退缩患者。包括305位受试者的454个退缩位点。其中随访时间为6月~4年。短期研究至少为6个月,没有6个月的数据可以将1年的数据代替,长期效果为>1年的数据。纳入本次研究的基本特征见表1。
表 1. 纳入文献的基本特征.
Tab 1 Characteristics of the included studies
纳入研究
研究设计
年龄/岁
受试人数(男/女)
纳入位点
试验组(位点)
对照组(位点)
牙龈退缩类型
退缩位点
退缩深度
Salhi等[40]
半口对照
22~63
40(14/26)
40
TUN+CTG(20)
CAF+CTG(20)
MillerⅠ类
上颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
2~5 mm
Santamaria等[29]
平行对照
24~59
42(15/27)
42
TUN+CTG(21)
CAF+CTG(21)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上颌尖牙、前磨牙
≥2 mm
Neves等[30]
平行对照
>18
39(11/28)
39
TUN+CTG(20)
CAF+CTG(19)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上颌尖牙、前磨牙
NR
Salem等[28]
平行对照
18~32
38(13/25)
38
TUN+CTG(19)
CAF+CTG(19)
MillerⅠ类
上颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
2~5 mm
Bherwani等[39]
平行对照
18~55
20(NR)
75
TUN+CTG(36)
CAF+CTG(39)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
NR
Bhatavadekar等[45]
平行对照
22~54
36(20/16)
99
TUN+CTG(45)
CAF+CTG(54)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
NR
Azaripour等[38]
平行对照
19~64
40(15/25)
71
TUN+CTG(42)
CAF+CTG(29)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上下颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
NR
Gobbato等[44]
平行对照
20~37
50(26/24)
50
TUN+CTG(25)
CAF+CTG(25)
MillerⅠ、Ⅱ类
上下颌切牙、尖牙、前磨牙
2~5 mm
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注:NR:数据无法获得。
2.3. 偏倚风险评价结果
纳入研究的偏倚风险评价结果见图2,3篇为低风险,4篇为中风险,1篇为高风险,分配隐藏是主要的风险因素。
图 2. 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价结果.
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Fig 2 Risk of bias summary of the included studies
图 3. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后CRC结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 3 Forest plots of postoperative CRC in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:短期;下:长期。
2.4. Meta分析结果
2.4.1. 主要指标CRC的结果
为比较两组临床结果的差异,共有8篇文献报告了术后两组CRC短期的情况,包括305位患者的454个牙位,将统计的结果纳入以比较CAF组和TUN组在术后短期CRC的差异,随机效应模型Meta分析结果显示,CAF组优于TUN组,具有显著的统计学意义[RR:1.17,95%CI(1.02,1.35),P=0.03](图3)。针对长期结果,共有3篇RCT统计了相关的数据,固定效应Meta分析结果表明,CAF组同样优于TUN组,差异有统计学意义[RR:1.19,95%CI(1.01,1.41),P=0.04](图3)。
为探讨两组CRC的长期稳定性,共纳入3篇文献,将统计的结果分别纳入分析,Meta分析结果显示,两组术后CRC短期结果和长期结果差异均无统计学意义,分别是CAF+CTG组[RR:1.08,95%CI(0.96,1.21),P=0.19],TUN+CTG组[RR:0.99,95%CI(0.82,1.20),P=0.92](图4)。
图 4. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后CRC短期和长期结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 4 Forest plots of short-term and long-term postoperative CRC in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:CAF+CTG组;下:TUN+CTG组。
2.4.2. 主要指标MRC的结果
共有8篇文献报告了术后两组短期MRC的情况,包括305位患者的454个牙位,将统计的结果纳入以比较CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG在MRC的差异,固定效应模型Meta分析结果显示,CAF组优于TUN组,具有显著的统计学意义[MD:4.65%,95%CI(1.97%,7.32%),P=0.000 7](图5)。针对长期结果,共有3篇RCT统计了相关的数据,固定效应Meta分析结果表明,CAF组同样优于TUN组,差异有统计学意义[MD:5.69%,95%CI(0.87%,10.50%),P=0.02](图5)。
图 5. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后MRC结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 5 Forest plots of postoperative MRC in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:短期;下:长期。
为探讨两组MRC的长期稳定性,将统计的结果分别纳入分析,Meta分析结果显示,两组术后MRC短期结果和长期结果差异均无统计学意义,分别是CAF+CTG组[MD:1.45%,95%CI(−2.93%,5.82%),P=0.52],TUN+CTG组[MD:−0.70%,95%CI(−6.41%,5.00%),P=0.81](图6)。
图 6. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后MRC短期和长期结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 6 Forest plots of short-term and long-term postoperative MRC in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:CAF+CTG组;下:TUN+CTG组。
2.4.3. 次要指标KTW增长量的结果
共有8篇文献统计了术后两组短期KTW增长量的情况,将统计的结果纳入以比较CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG在短期KTW增长量的差异,由于异质性较大,采用随机效应分析,Meta分析结果显示,TUN+CTG组治疗后KTW增长量显著优于CAF+CTG组[MD:−0.38 mm,95%CI(−0.67 mm,−0.10 mm),P=0.008](图7)。针对长期结果,共有3篇RCT统计了相关的数据,随机效应Meta分析结果表明,两组统计结果差异无统计学意义[MD:−0.26 mm,95%CI(−0.94 mm,0.43 mm),P=0.46](图7)。
图 7. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后KTW增长量结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 7 Forest plots of postoperative KTW in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:短期;下:长期。
为探讨两组各自在KTW增长量的长期稳定性,将统计的结果分别纳入分析,Meta分析结果显示,两组KTW增长量术后长期结果均优于短期结果,差异具有统计学意义,分别是CAF+CTG组[MD:−0.32 mm,95%CI(−0.59 mm,−0.06 mm),P=0.02],TUN+CTG组[MD:−0.34mm,95%CI(−0.57 mm,−0.11 mm),P=0.004](图8)。
图 8. CAF+CTG组和TUN+CTG组术后KTW增长量短期和长期结果比较的森林图.
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Fig 8 Forest plots of short-term and long-term postoperative KTW in the CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG groups
上:CAF+CTG组;下:TUN+CTG组。
由于异质性较大,进行亚组分析,将单颗和多颗牙位牙龈退缩治疗后的结果纳入分别进行分析,异质性消除,固定效应模型Meta分析结果表明,对单颗牙龈退缩而言,TUN组KTW较CAF组增长更多,差异具有统计学意义[MD:0.65 mm,95%CI(0.30 mm,0.99 mm),P=0.000 2],对于多颗牙龈退缩,两组之间差异无统计学意义[MD:0.03 mm,95%CI(−0.23 mm,0.29 mm),P=0.81](图9)。
图 9. 治疗后单/多颗牙龈退缩KTW变化量比较的森林图.
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Fig 9 Forest plots of KTW in single or multiple gingival recession
2.4.4. 次要指标RES的结果
为比较CAF组和TUN两组之间术后美学效果的差异,共有4篇文献的试验结果被纳入,Meta分析结果显示,TUN组术后RES较CAF组高,差异具有统计学意义[MD:0.62,95%CI(0.28,0.96),P=0.000 3](图10)。
图 10. 治疗后RES比较的森林图.
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Fig 10 Forest plots of postoperative RES
2.4.5. 次要指标VAS的结果
为比较CAF组和TUN两组之间术后疼痛指数的差异,共有3篇文献的试验结果被纳入,由于异质性较大,采用随机效应分析,Meta分析结果显示,两组之间差异无统计学意义[MD:0.53,95%CI(−1.96,3.03),P=0.68](图11)。
图 11. 术后1周VAS比较的森林图.
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Fig 11 Forest plots of VAS one week after surgery
3. 讨论
过去的几十年里,已经提出了许多根面覆盖术用来治疗牙龈退缩[28],[46]。这些术式的最终目标是在获得完全根面覆盖的同时,并取得理想的美学效果[18]。改良的CAF是最常使用的一种方法[47],尤其是与CTG相结合,已被认为是治疗单颗牙龈退缩的金标准[27]。此外,伴或不伴垂直松弛切口的传统CAF已经成功地用于治疗牙龈退缩[48]。然而,一些患者自身解剖学因素可能会限制其应用,如角化龈厚度不足、前庭沟深度不足或非龋性颈部楔状缺损存在[49]。这些缺点表明,需要进一步研究以寻求替代办案。
Raetzke[32]于1985年证明了TUN是治疗牙龈退缩的有效替代方案。TUN被认为是一种微创、安全和可预测的技术[50]。TUN在不分离龈乳头,且不做垂直松弛切口的情况下分离出一个半厚瓣,该瓣内可以插入移植瓣并可以冠向移位覆盖移植瓣[18]。因不影响牙间乳头连续性、移植瓣的血供及营养不受影响、翻瓣切口小、术后美观等而逐渐流行起来[19]。这些优势将会极大促进组织的愈合并尽可能减少患者术后不良反应。尽管一些研究[27],[47],[51]已经比较了两种不同术式(CAF或TUN)的有效性,但没有达成共识或提供证据证明哪种技术产生更好的临床结果,原因之一可能是在此之前比较这两种技术的RCT数量有限,或者临床医生之间缺乏标准化的手术方案。最近,有新的研究[28],[30],[45]探索了TUN的根部覆盖术的疗效,其中一些主要集中在比较TUN和CAF两种术式。
在先前的研究中,Cairo等[50]使用网络Meta分析的方法从美学、患者满意度和术后疼痛不适等方面系统评价了不同龈瓣设计和移植材料对根面覆盖的影响,其以RT1&2分类的GR为标准进行了单个RES变量的分析,侧重于短期随访中美学指标的变化。本Meta分析旨在尝试以Miller Ⅰ/Ⅱ类研究对象出发,重点比较TUN和CAF两种术式治疗GR的疗效及长期稳定性,从而阐明一些尚未解决的临床问题。第一是比较使用CTG的两种不同手术技术(CAF或TUN)在治疗GR时的CRC的差异。第二是比较两种根面覆盖术的长期稳定性。第三是比较两种术式在治疗GR最终美学效果及患者的术后疼痛指数。
从检索的文献来看,8项研究符合纳入系统综述的既定标准,均是RCT。4个RCT[9],[52]–[54]不能纳入本篇Meta分析,因为移植物并非是CTG,而是其他生物替代材料。因此,Meta分析中只纳入了8个RCT。从本次纳入的305位患者的Meta分析的结果,两种技术都取得了较高的CRC。CAF组MRC为85%~98.3%,TUN组为77.4%~97.2%,两种技术之间的差异为[MD:4.65%,95%CI(1.97%,7.32%),P=0.000 7],结果更倾向于CAF,具有统计学意义,这一结论和Tavelli等[51]一致。CAF组表现更佳的原因可能是:1)垂直松弛切口的应用;2)增加了便于骨膜剥离的通路;3)便于半厚-全厚-半厚瓣的预备;4)在缝合过程中,切开的龈瓣在低张力或无张力的情况下有更大的冠向移位。同理,TUN基于微创性原则,为了避免过多损伤邻牙龈缘的完整性,没有过多地向近远中制备龈瓣,这也导致术中龈瓣冠向移位受限,并最终影响CRC。然而,CAF中垂直松弛切口的运用也增加了角化龈瘢痕及龈乳头瘢痕的形成,对TUN而言,避免了垂直切口且保存了龈乳头的完整性,移植物血供良好,这些因素也促进了术后愈合牙龈形态更加美观,这也和本篇RES分析结果不谋而合。从两组术后KTW增长量方面看来,TUN组增长量明显多于CAF组,差异具有统计学意义,有几项研究[29],[52]和本研究结果一致,但由于异质性较大,对各组数据进行了单颗和多颗GR亚组分析,异质性消除,分析结果显示单颗GR KTW增长量更加明显,而多颗GR术后KTW增长量,两组之间差异无统计学意义,TUN组KTW增长更多的原因尚不清楚,但可能与移植瓣暴露而未被龈瓣覆盖有关[55]。
本研究对TUN和CAF联合CTG治疗牙龈退缩的CRC的疗效和长期稳定性进行了系统性的定量比较。以上Meta分析结果证明,在CRC和MRC的结果上,短期结果和长期结果均表明,CAF+CTG的根面覆盖率高于TUN+CTG,差异具有统计学意义。针对CRC和MRC的长期稳定性,TUN+CTG、CAF+CTG两组的短期结果和长期结果之间差异均无统计学意义。过去,CAF+CTG被认为是治疗GR的金标准[28]。Toledano-Osorio等[56]报道,经CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG治疗后,在术后4~12个月分别可达成61.24%~99%和56.07%~97.3%的MRC,这和本研究统计的结果类似。从本研究统计的在术后≥2年的结果来看,CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG的MRC分别是89.5%~95.9%和87.41%~90.1%,这说明CAF和TUN联合CTG均能取得良好的长期稳定性。
在KTW增长量的结果上,短期结果表明,TUN+CTG的增长量显著高于CAF+CTG,结果差异具有统计学意义,但长期结果显示,两组间差异无统计学意义。针对KTW增长量的长期稳定性,TUN+CTG、CAF+CTG两组长期结果均高于短期结果,差异具有统计学意义,这说明两组KTW都存在逐渐增加的趋势,Bhatavadekar等[45]也报道了类似的结果,在随访的第4年发现,两组KTW增长量较明显。Zuhr等[57]进行的一项研究比较了TUN+CTG和CAF+牙釉质基质衍生物的临床试验,结果表明,与使用釉质基质蛋白的CAF相比,CTG的效果更好。从而推测KTW的增长量可能和CTG的使用有关。在术后4年发现TUN+CTG的KTW增长量显著高于CAF+CTG,猜测KTW的增长量可能和移植瓣在冠方裸露未被龈瓣覆盖有关[28]。近来研究[55]发现可能存在“爬行附着”,指后期牙龈通过冠向爬行实现更高的CRC。
对于美学角度方面,以往研究[29],[34],[58]–[59]表明,TUN在无垂直松弛切口及分离龈乳头的情况下,没有破坏血供,为移植瓣提供了良好的营养,加速了术创的愈合能力,同时较小的翻瓣也减少了术后反应。较小的切口也减小了术后瘢痕,为术后取得了更好的美学效果[58]–[59]。从本次Meta分析结果(RES评分)来看,TUN+CTG显著高于CAF+CTG,结果具有显著性差异,和以往的研究结果一致。由于目前关于此项研究的患者术后疼痛指数VAS有限,统计结果表明,各组之间异质性较大,Meta分析结果差异无统计学意义。Gobbato等[44]报道:TUN制备是一个较精细的操作,为了避免操作过程中刀刃损伤龈缘或龈乳头,需要非常细心地制备“隧道”瓣,特别是在牙龈组织较薄的患者,避免形成穿孔,同时还要将龈瓣预备范围至少向近远中延伸一个牙位,这系列操作导致了手术时间延长,术后疼痛也随之增加。但Santamaria等[29]报道了相反的结果,由于没有垂直松弛切口且整体微创切口,术后疼痛指数评分较小。因此,针对患者术后疼痛评分还需更多的研究来进一步证明。Harrel等[60]于1995年提出微创手术,微创理念也开始迈入牙周手术领域,为了提高根面覆盖术后的疗效和美学评分,有学者[61]提出显微外科手术可以促进CRC。Tavelli等[51]提出,在光学显微镜下可以更细致地制备龈瓣,并能促进伤口更好地愈合,同时使用更小直径的针线(6-0/7-0)能得到更高的CRC,且术后瘢痕更小[38],[50],[57]。Zucchelli等[62]还提出了一种改良的CAF,是一种无须垂直松弛切口就能将龈瓣冠向移动的技术,该技术使用了“信封瓣”和无垂直松弛切口,保证了良好的血液供应,在龈乳头处做一个斜切口,以牙龈退缩位点为圆心,向两侧牙龈切口制备龈瓣,与CAF相比,该技术能取得更高的CRC及KTW,同时术后形成瘢痕的概率较小,有利于获得良好的美学效果。
鉴于目前关于此方面的研究试验仍然较少,对于未来的研究,应尽可能纳入更多高质量的RCT,以得到更准确的结果。同样,对于进行该项RCT的医师们,应严格遵守CONSORT(Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials)指导方针,尽可能减少偏倚,以提高文献质量。同时,尽可能促进多中心研究,增加纳入试验患者的数量。最后,为提高临床研究的可比性,建议建立共同的方案、随访期和测量指标。这些将会提高未来Meta的质量,并最终提升治疗的标准和可预测性。
综上所述,CAF+CTG和TUN+CTG在治疗牙龈退缩均可取得良好CRC,且CAF在短期及长期结果上比TUN表现更佳,但两组均能取得良好的长期稳定性。与CAF+CTG相比TUN+CTG术后取得了更多的KTW增长,两组KTW都呈现逐渐增长的趋势。TUN+CTG术后软组织形态更加美观,两组术后患者疼痛指数无统计学意义。考虑到本篇研究存在如下局限性:1)在本次纳入的研究存在一些固有的异质性,如2篇纳入的患者是Miller Ⅰ类,然而6篇是Miller Ⅰ和Ⅱ类;2)牙位选择的不同,有3篇RCT选择了上下颌前牙及前磨牙,但有2篇只选择了上颌前牙作为研究,还有2篇未指明上下颌;3)没有一个统一的指导手术方案,部分研究的样本量较少、随访时间相对较短;4)纳入本次研究的RCT中有3篇低风险,4篇中风险,1篇高风险。且所有纳入研究均为已发表文献,未能纳入灰色文献,可能存在发表偏倚。未来,仍需要更大样本、更高质量、更长随访时间的临床试验评估TUN在GR手术的疗效。
Funding Statement
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81671028)
Supported by: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671028).
Footnotes
利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。
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